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Diffstat (limited to 'data/v2/samples/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst')
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1 files changed, 2 insertions, 2 deletions
diff --git a/data/v2/samples/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst b/data/v2/samples/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst index 60c7904..6af237e 100644 --- a/data/v2/samples/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst +++ b/data/v2/samples/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst @@ -1441,7 +1441,7 @@ A variation of this argument applies to the free revealing among competing manuf Of course, free revealing is of value only if others (re)use what has been revealed. It can be difficult to track what visitors to an information commons take away and reuse, and there is as yet very little empirical information on this important matter. Valuable forms of reuse range from the gaining of general ideas of development paths to pursue or avoid to the adoption of specific designs. For example, those who download software code from an open source project repository can use it to learn about approaches to solving a particular software problem and/or they may reuse portions of the downloaded code by inserting it directly into a software program of their own. Von Krogh et al. (2004) studied the latter type of code reuse in open source software and found it very extensive. Indeed, they report that /{most}/ of the lines of software code in the projects they studied were taken from the commons of other open source software projects and software libraries and reused. ={von Krogh, G.+10} -% Spaeth, S., 88,? +% Spaeth, S., 88,? In the case of academic publications, we see evidence that free revealing does increase reuse---a matter of great importance to academics. A citation is an indicator that information contained in an article has been reused: the article has been read by the citing author and found useful enough to draw to readers' attention. Recent empirical studies are finding that articles to which readers have open access---articles available for free download from an author's website, for example---are cited significantly more often than are equivalent articles that are available only from libraries or from publishers' fee-based websites. Antelman (2004) finds an increase in citations ranging from 45 percent in philosophy to 91 percent in mathematics. She notes that "scholars in diverse disciplines are adopting open-access practices at a surprisingly high rate and are being rewarded for it, as reflected in [citations]." ={Antelman, K.} @@ -1498,7 +1498,7 @@ User innovation is widely distributed, with few users developing more than one m Number of users developing this number of major innovations -table{~h c7; 30; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 20; +table{~h c7; 30; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 20; ~ 1 |